Pennings, Ray; Seel, John; Van Pelt, Deani A. Neven; Sikkink, David; & Wiens, Kathryn L. (2011). Cardus education survey: Do the motivations for private religious Catholic and Protestant schooling in North America align with graduate outcomes? Hamilton, Ontario, Canada: Cardus. www.cardus.ca. Explain that Christian schools “… have served a vital role in the educational landscape